Original Word: דָּם
Part of Speech: Noun Masculine
Transliteration: dam
Pronunciation: dahm
Phonetic Spelling: (dawm)
KJV: blood(-y, -guiltiness, (-thirsty), + innocent
NASB: blood, bloodshed, bloody, bloodguilt, guilt of blood, death
Word Origin: [from H1826 (דָּמַם - To be silent)]

1. blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal
2. by analogy, the juice of the grape
3. figuratively (especially in the plural) bloodshed (i.e. drops of blood)

bloody innocent

From damam (compare 'adam); blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice of the grape; figuratively (especially in the plural) bloodshed (i.e. Drops of blood) -- blood(-y, -guiltiness, (-thirsty), + innocent.

see HEBREW damam

see HEBREW 'adam

Word Origin
a prim. root
Definition
blood
NASB Translation
blood (303), bloodguilt (2), bloodguiltiness (12), bloodshed (27), bloody (7), death (1), guilt of blood (2), homicide or another (1), life (1), lifeblood* (2).

דָּם₃₆₀ noun masculine^{Genesis 9:6} blood (Late Hebrew id., Arabic , Ethiopic Assyrian damu Nor²³⁹ Zim^{BP 72, 76}; Aramaic דַּם, דְּמָא , ) — absolute ׳ד Genesis 37:22 154t.; construct דַּם Genesis 9:6 62t.; suffix דָּמִי 1 Samuel 26:20 3t.; דָּֽמְךָ 2 Samuel 1:16 (Qr; Kt דמיך) + 4 t.; דָּמֵךְ Ezekiel 16:22 3t.; דָּמוֺ Genesis 9:4 30t.; דָּמָהּ Leviticus 4:30 (twice in verse) + 11 t.; דִּמְכֶם Genesis 9:5; דָּמָם Leviticus 16:27 11t.; plural דָּמִים Exodus 4:25 35t.; construct דְּמֵי Genesis 4:10 18t.; suffix דָּמֶיךָ 2 Samuel 1:16 Kt (Qr דָּֽמְךָ); דָּמַיִךְ Ezekiel 16:6 (3 t. in verse); Ezekiel 16:9; דָּמָיו Leviticus 20:9 3t.; דָּמֶיהָ Leviticus 12:7 2t.; דְּמֵיהֶם Leviticus 20:11 5t.; —

1 blood of man or animal, = the life (נֶפֶשׁ) Genesis 9:4 (P) Deuteronomy 12:23; Leviticus 17:14 (twice in verse) (H); compare נֶפֶשׁ הַבָּשָׂר בַּדָּם הִוא Leviticus 17:11 (H) & דִּמְכֶם לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם Genesis 9:5 (P); see also Psalm 72:14 וְיֵיקַר דָּמָם בְּעֵינָיו; hence blood of animals not to be eaten Leviticus 3:17; Leviticus 7:26,27(all P) Leviticus 17:10 (twice in verse); Leviticus 17:12 (twice in verse); Leviticus 17:14; Leviticus 19:26 (all H) Deuteronomy 12:16,23; Deuteronomy 15:23; 1 Samuel 14:32,33,34; Ezekiel 33:25 (compare RS^{K 310}), but to be poured out & covered with dust Leviticus 17:13 (compare RS^{Semitic i. 216 f.}).

2 usually blood become visible,

a. as from a wound הַמַּכָּה ׳ד 1 Kings 22:35 (compare חֲתַן דָּמִים Exodus 4:25,26 see below h); licked by dogs 1 Kings 21:19 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 22:38; Ezekiel 32:6; from the nose Proverbs 30:33; bloody issue of a woman Leviticus 15:19 compare Leviticus 15:25; plural דְּמֵי טָֽהֳרָה Leviticus 12:4,5, & מְקֹר דָּמֶיהָ Leviticus 12:7 (all P) Leviticus 20:18 (H); blood in which child welters Ezekiel 16:6 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 16:22 + Ezekiel 16:6 (strike out A B Co and others); of goat Genesis 37:31 (JE); of slain bird Leviticus 14:6,51,52.

b. often object of שָׁפַךְ, spill, shed Genesis 9:6 (P) Genesis 37:22 (E) Numbers 35:33 (P) Leviticus 17:4 (H) Deuteronomy 21:7; 1 Samuel 25:31; 1 Kings 18:28; 2 Kings 21:16; 2 Kings 24:4; 1 Chronicles 22:8; Ezekiel 16:38; Ezekiel 22:4,6,9,12,27; Ezekiel 23:45; Ezekiel 33:25; Ezekiel 36:18 (strike out B Co) Proverbs 1:16 also Psalm 79:3 שָֽׁפְכוּ דָמָם כַּמַּיִם; שֹׁפֵךְ דָּם a blood-shedder Ezekiel 18:10; עִיר שֹׁפֶכֶת דָּם Ezekiel 22:3 compare Ezekiel 22:4 (also 1 Kings 2:31; Jeremiah 22:3,17; 1 Chronicles 22:8; 1 Chronicles 28:3; Proverbs 6:17; Lamentations 4:13); less often subject of passive שָׁפוּךְ, נִשְׁמָּךְ, etc. Genesis 9:6; Numbers 35:33 (both P) Deuteronomy 19:10; Zephaniah 1:17; Psalm 79:10.

c. דַּם חָלָל Deuteronomy 32:42 (song) blood of slain; חֲלָלִים ׳ד 2 Samuel 1:22 so Numbers 23:24 (JE), object of שָׁתָה, of Israel under figure of lion; compare also Ezekiel 39:17,18,19, & 2 Samuel 23:17 = 1 Chronicles 11:19 (דַּם הָאֲנָשִׁים hyperbole for imperilled life); as food of young eagles Job 39:30.

d. often of innocent blood, i.e. blood shed with injustice & cruelty, דָּם נָקִי Deuteronomy 21:8,9; 1 Samuel 19:5; 2 Kings 21:16; 2 Kings 24:4; Psalm 94:21; Psalm 106:38 compare Psalm 94:38; Proverbs 6:17; Isaiah 59:7; Jeremiah 7:6; Jeremiah 22:3 (also Jeremiah 26:15); דָּם נָקִיא Joel 4:19; Jonah 1:14; also in construct דַּם נָקִי Deuteronomy 19:10; compare Deuteronomy 27:25 לְהַכּוֺת נֶפֶשׁ ׳נ ׳ד; דַּם הַנָּקִי Deuteronomy 19:13; Jeremiah 22:17; 2 Kings 24:4; דַּם נְקִיִּים Jeremiah 19:4; דַּם נַפְשׁוֺת אֶבְיוֺנִים נְקִיִּים Jeremiah 2:34; further דַּם צַדִּיקִים Lamentations 4:13; דְּמֵי חִנָּם 1 Kings 2:31; in Psalm 31:10 דָּמִי = my death ("" רִדְתִּי אֶלשַֿׁחַת).

e. evenger of blood גֹּאֵל הַדָּם Numbers 35:19,21,24,25,27 (twice in verse) (all P); Deuteronomy 19:6,12; Joshua 20:3,5,9; 2 Samuel 14:11.

f. plural דָּמִים of abundance, blood in quantity, hence sometimes of blood shed by rude violence, and of blood-stains; — Genesis 4:10,11(J) as crying from the ground for vengeance (compare RS^{Semitic i. 397}), compare also 2 Samuel 3:28; 2 Samuel 16:8; 2 Kings 9:26 (twice in verse); Isaiah 1:15; Isaiah 9:4; Isaiah 26:21; Ezekiel 16:6 (3 t. in verse); Ezekiel 16:9,36 (on text of Ezekiel 16:6 see above) Zechariah 9:7; 2Chronicles 24:25; דְּמֵי אָדָם Habakkuk 2:8,17, and in other connections; but interchangeably with singular 2 Samuel 3:27; 2 Samuel 20:12; 2 Kings 9:33; Isaiah 34:3,6 (twice in verse); Isaiah 34:7; Ezekiel 21:37; Ezekiel 22:13 (plural Co) Ezekiel 24:8 (twice in verse) and elsewhere; see especially אֶרֶץ אַלתְּֿכַסִּי דָמִי Job 16:18; דְּמֵי ירושׁלם blood-stains of Jerusalem Isaiah 4:4; = slaughter, singular Genesis 37:26 (J) Jeremiah 48:10; Ezekiel 5:17; Ezekiel 28:23 ("" דֶּבֶר) Ezekiel 38:22 ("" id.); דַּםעֲֿבָדָיו Deuteronomy 32:43 (song: compare Psalm 79:10); plural דְּמֵי עֲבָדַי 2 Kings 9:7 (twice in verse); דְּמֵי יִזְרְעֶאל Hosea 1:4; bloodshed at Jezreel; compare דָּמִים בְּדָמִים נָגָ֑עוּ Hosea 4:2; דְּמֵי מִלְחָמָה 1 Kings 2:5 (twice in verse); in Ezekiel 9:9 וַתִּמָּלֵא הָאָרֶץ חָמָס (Baer) read דָּמִים for חָמָס see d. H. Vrss Co Comm.; אָרַב לְדָם lie in wait for blood Proverbs 1:11 compare Proverbs 1:18; Proverbs 12:6; Micah 7:2; דָּמִים of a plan of murder Isaiah 33:15 (object of שׁמע); מִשְׁמַּט דָּמִים Ezekiel 7:23 bloody crime; as symbol of oppression, violence Micah 3:10 ("" עַוְלָה), Habakkuk 2:12 ("" id.)

g. דָּמִים = guilt of bloodshed, blood-guiltiness Exodus 22:1, then more Generally, mortal sin (RS^{OTJC 417, 2nd ed. 441}, compare Ezekiel 18:13) Psalm 51:16 (compare Hosea 12:15); also בּוֺא בְדָמִים 1 Samuel 25:26,33.

h. plural also in pharses: חֲתַן דָּמִים bloody bridegroom Exodus 4:25,26; also those denoting character, chiefly in poetry, אִישׁ דָּמִים bloody man (sanguinary) 2 Samuel 16:8; Psalm 5:7 אִישׁ הַדָּמִים 2 Samuel 16:7; אַנְשֵׁי דָּמִים, Psalm 26:9; Psalm 55:24; Psalm 59:3; Psalm 139:19; Proverbs 29:10; ואלבֵּֿית הַדָּמִים bloody house 2 Samuel 21:1 but read with ᵐ5 We Dr ואל בֵּיתֹה דמים, & on his house is blood; עִיר דָּמִים Nahum 3:1; עִיר הַדָּמִים Ezekiel 22:2; Ezekiel 24:6 + Ezekiel 24:9 (strike out B Co).

i. דָּמָיו בּוֺ his blood is in (upon) him, he is responsible for his own death Leviticus 20:9 compare Leviticus 20:11; Leviticus 20:12; Leviticus 20:13; Leviticus 20:16; Leviticus 20:27 (all H), Ezekiel 18:13 ( + יִהְיֶה); דָּמוֺ בּוֺ Ezekiel 33:5; דָּמוֺ בְּראֹשׁוֺ Joshua 2:19 (twice in verse); so with שָׁבוּ 1 Kings 2:33, יִהְיֶה 1 Kings 2:37; Ezekiel 33:4; דָּֽמְ֯יךָ עַל ראֹשֶׁ֑ךָ 2 Samuel 1:16, and אֶתדָּֿמוֺ עַלרֿאֹשׁוֺ ׳הֵשִׁיב י 1 Kings 2:32; also לֹא תָשִׂים דָּמִים בְּבֵיתְךָ Deuteronomy 22:8; and דָּמָם לָשׂוּם עַל אֲבִימֶלֶךְ Judges 9:24; נָתַן דָּם על (אלׅ Jeremiah 26:15; Jonah 1:14; וְהָיָה עָלָיךָ דָּמִים Deuteronomy 19:10, see 2 Samuel 21:1 above; also singular Ezekiel 22:4 בְּדָמֵךְ אָשַׁמְתְּ, and as subject of יֵחָשֵׁב לְ shall be imputed to Leviticus 17:4 (H); אֵין לוֺ דָמִים Exodus 22:1 compare Exodus 22:2 (both J E) & (singular) Numbers 35:27 (P).

j. of judicial process in case of bloodshed דָּבָר לַמִּשְׁמָּט בֵּיןדָּֿם לְדָם Deuteronomy 17:8 compare 2 Chronicles 19:10; לֹא תַּעֲמֹד עַלדַּֿם רֵעֶ֑ךָ Leviticus 19:16 (H).

k. in phrase require blood at the hand of, exact vengeance (for it) from, דָּרַשׁ דָּמוֺ מִיַּד Ezekiel 33:6; Genesis 9:5; דָּמוֺ נִדְרָשׁ Genesis 42:22 (E); absolute דֹּרשׁ דמים Psalm 9:13; אֲבַקֵּשׁ אֶתדָּֿמוֺ מִיֶּדְכֶם 2 Samuel 4:11 compare Ezekiel 3:18,20; Ezekiel 33:8; עַלֿ ׳מָּקַד ד Hosea 1:4; ׳וְנִקֵּיתִי ד Joel 4:21; Ezekiel 35:6 (4 t. in verse); compare on the other hand ׳אַליִֿמֹּל דָּמִי אַרְצָה מִנֶּגֶד מְּנֵי י 1 Samuel 26:20 i.e. let it not de unavenged.

l. of blood as defiling a land Numbers 35:33 (P) compare Psalm 106:38 (plural בדמים); עֲקֻבָּה מִדָּם Hosea 6:8 of a city foot-printed (VB) with blood; defiling hands Isaiah 1:15; Isaiah 59:3; Lamentations 4:14 compare Ezekiel 23:37,45; further, of blood as oppressing one who has shed it עָשֻׁק בְּדַם נֶפֶשׁ Proverbs 28:17.

m. atonement for blood-guilt is expressed by וְנִכַּמֵּר לָהֶם הַדָּם Deuteronomy 21:8 (on form of verb compare Ges^{§ 55}, 9 & Di).

n. blood (-shedding) as connected with divine wrath וְשָׁפַכְתִּ֫י חֲמָתִי עָלָיהָ בְּדָם Ezekiel 14:19; דַּם חֵמָה וְקִנְאָה Ezekiel 16:38; see further אַשְׁכִּיר חִצַּי מִדָּם Deuteronomy 32:42, compare Jeremiah 46:10; compare also of human vengeance by divine help יִרְחַץ בְּדַם הָרָשָׁע Psalm 58:11; תִּמֲחַץ רַגְלְךָ בְּדָם Psalm 68:24; note further Isaiah 49:26; Ezekiel 39:19 (in both figurative of being drunk with blood); then of simple human vengeance וְהוֺרַדְתָּ֫ אֶתשֵֿׂיבָתוֺ בְּדָם שְׁאוֺל 1 Kings 2:9.

o. of water turned into blood (singular) in Egypt, by divine power Exodus 4:9 (J) Exodus 7:17,20 (JE) Exodus 7:19; Exodus 7:19; Exodus 7:21 (P) Psalm 78:44; Psalm 105:29; compare Isaiah 15:9 & Ezekiel 32:6; further, of appearance of blood in sky Joel 3:3, & of colour of moon Joel 2:4; specifically of red colour of water אֲדֻמִּים כַּדָּם 2 Kings 3:22 compare 2 Kings 3:23.

3 blood used with religious significance,

a. blood of passover-lamb Exodus 12:7,13 (twice in verse) (all P) Exodus 12:22; Exodus 12:22; Exodus 12:23 (all J E); note also דַּם הַבְּרִית, i.e. blood by which covenant was ratified Exodus 24:8 (JE) Zechariah 9:11.

b. blood used in ritual, Leviticus 17:11 הַדָּם הוּא בַּנֶּפֶשׁ יְכַמֵּר (H); compare 2 Chronicles 29:24; also Ezekiel 44:7,15 (both "" חֵלָב); further Leviticus 1:5; Isaiah 1:11; Psalm 50:13; thrown on altar, verb זָרַק usually with עַל Exodus 24:6 (JE) Exodus 29:16,20; Leviticus 1:5,11; Leviticus 3:2,8,13; Leviticus 7:2,14; Leviticus 8:19,24; Leviticus 9:12,18 (all P) Leviticus 17:6 (H) Numbers 18:17 (P) Ezekiel 43:18; 2 Kings 16:13,15 (twice in verse); 2Chronicles 29:22 (3 t. in verse); compare 2Chronicles 30:16; sprinkled, verb הִזָּה Leviticus 5:9; Leviticus 16:19 (both P); sprinkled toward tent of meeting (verb הִזָּה) Numbers 19:4 (twice in verse) (P); brought into tent of meeting Leviticus 4:5,16; Leviticus 6:23; compare Leviticus 10:18 (all P); sprinkled toward the holy of holies (verb הִזָּה) Leviticus 4:6 (twice in verse); Leviticus 4:17; Leviticus 16:14 (twice in verse) (all P); brought within the veil on day of atonement Leviticus 16:15 (3 t. in verse) (compare Leviticus 16:14) Leviticus 16:27 (all P); thrown on people Exodus 24:8 (J E; זָרַק); sprinkled on priests (הִזָּה) Exodus 29:21; Leviticus 8:30 (both P); on garment (in sanctuary, הִזָּה) Leviticus 6:20 (P); applied with finger to horns of altar Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7,18,25,30,34; Leviticus 8:15; Leviticus 9:9 (3 t. in verse); Leviticus 16:18 (twice in verse) (all P; also Ezekiel 45:19) Ezekiel 43:20; applied to tip of right ear of priest Exodus 29:20; Leviticus 8:23,24 (all P; also Leviticus 14:14,25 P); poured out at base of altar (שָׁפַךְ אֶלֿ) Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7,18,25,30,34 (all P); compare with מָצָה (Niph`al) Leviticus 1:15; Leviticus 5:9; with יָצַק Leviticus 8:15 (all P); half of blood put in basons Exodus 24:6 (JE); blood poured out on altar Deuteronomy 12:27 (twice in verse); blood of red heifer burned Numbers 19:5 (P); see further such terms as דַּם זִבְחִי Exodus 23:18; Exodus 34:25 (both J E) (compare Deuteronomy 12:27; 2 Kings 16:15); דַּם הַשְּׁלָמִים Leviticus 7:33 (P; compare Leviticus 7:14); דַּם חַטָּאת הַכִּמֻּרִים Exodus 30:10 (P) compare Ezekiel 45:19; דַּם הָאָשָׁם Leviticus 14:14,17,25,28; (see זֶבַח, שֶׁלֶם, חַטָּאת, אָשָׁם); דַּםחֲֿזִיר, swine's blood, as heathen offering Isaiah 66:3; compare נִסְכֵּיהֶם מִדָּם Psalm 16:4 (see Che).

4 figurative of wine דַּםעֲֿנָבִים Genesis 49:11 (blessing of Jacob "" יַיִן); compare Deuteronomy 32:14 (song) דַּם עֵנָב תִּשְׁתֶּהחָֿ֑מֶר. — בְּדָֽמְךָ Ezekiel 19:10 probably textual error compare VB; Da prop: בְּרוּמָהּ in her height.

Scope and Semantics

The Hebrew word translated “blood” appears roughly 360 times in the Old Testament and functions as a theological thread that unites narrative, law, poetry, prophecy, and typology. It can denote literal blood coursing through veins, shed blood in violence, or sacrificial blood applied to altar, people, or objects. Each usage reinforces one or more biblical themes of life, covenant, atonement, purity, judgment, and redemption.

Life and Sacredness

Blood is inseparably linked to life. “For the life of the flesh is in the blood” (Leviticus 17:11). Shedding blood is therefore tantamount to taking life (Genesis 9:4-6). Scripture treats blood not merely as a biological fluid but as the God-given essence of living beings. To violate blood is to violate life that belongs to God; to protect blood is to honor the Creator’s ownership of life.

Blood and Covenant

Key covenants are inaugurated and sealed with blood. After Sinai, Moses “took the blood, sprinkled it on the people, and said, ‘Behold, the blood of the covenant that the Lord has made with you’” (Exodus 24:8). The Passover lamb’s blood on Israelite doorposts was a covenant sign of divine protection (Exodus 12:7, 13). Joshua’s spies required Rahab to display a scarlet cord—imagery of blood—as the token of her covenant safety (Joshua 2:18-21). Covenantal blood sets apart a people for God and binds Him to His promises.

Blood in Sacrifice and Atonement

The Levitical system centers on prescribed blood rituals:

• Sin and guilt offerings: blood is “poured out at the base of the altar” (Leviticus 4:7, Leviticus 7:2).
• Whole burnt offerings: blood is “sprinkled around on the altar” (Leviticus 1:5).
• The Day of Atonement: the high priest brings bull’s and goat’s blood “inside the veil” and “sprinkles it on the mercy seat” (Leviticus 16:14-15).

The stated purpose is substitutionary: “I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls” (Leviticus 17:11). Sacrificial blood satisfies divine justice and restores fellowship between a holy God and sinful people.

Prohibition of Consuming Blood

Because blood embodies life, consuming it is strictly forbidden:
• “You must not eat the blood” (Leviticus 19:26).
• “Whoever eats any blood shall be cut off” (Leviticus 17:10).
• Saul’s army violates this principle by eating animals “with the blood,” bringing judgment (1 Samuel 14:32-34).

The prohibition reinforces reverence for life, distinguishes Israel from surrounding nations, and anticipates the need for a sinless life to be poured out, not ingested, for atonement.

Blood Guilt and Legal Justice

Shed blood cries out for retribution (Genesis 4:10). The Mosaic Law enforces lex talionis: “Whoever sheds man’s blood, by man his blood shall be shed” (Genesis 9:6; Numbers 35:33). Cities of refuge provide asylum until guilt is judged (Numbers 35:12). Innocent blood—whether Abel’s (Genesis 4:10), Naboth’s (1 Kings 21:19), or prophets’ (Jeremiah 26:15)—pollutes the land and necessitates divine intervention. Conversely, the protective measure of the avenger of blood safeguards community justice.

Blood in Purification and Ritual Cleansing

Blood also has a purificatory role distinct from atonement:
• Leprous persons and houses are cleansed by bird’s blood applied with hyssop (Leviticus 14:1-7, 48-53).
• Postpartum women and those with discharges bring blood offerings for purification (Leviticus 12; Leviticus 15:25-30).
• Priests and articles of worship are consecrated with blood (Exodus 29:20-21).

Thus, blood both removes impurity and installs holiness, preparing worshipers and objects for God’s presence.

Blood in Signs and Wonders

Miraculous judgments frequently employ blood imagery:
• Nile water turned to blood (Exodus 7:17-21).
• Water to blood in warfare appears like a prophetic sign (2 Kings 3:22-23).
• Joel foresees eschatological portents: “Blood and fire and columns of smoke” (Joel 2:30).

These displays emphasize the Lord’s sovereignty over creation and history, warning of greater judgments or deliverances to come.

Prophetic and Apocalyptic Imagery

Prophets denounce bloodshed as evidence of covenant infidelity:
• “Your hands are covered with blood” (Isaiah 1:15).
• “They build Zion with bloodshed” (Micah 3:10).

Apocalyptic visions intensify the symbol: the moon becomes “like blood” (Joel 2:31). Revelation draws heavily on Old Testament blood motifs, depicting judgments, martyrdom, and the ultimate victory of the Lamb whose robe is “dipped in blood” (Revelation 19:13).

Foreshadowing and Fulfillment in Christ

All Old Testament blood imagery anticipates the Messiah:
• The Passover lamb points to “Christ our Passover” (1 Corinthians 5:7).
• Isaiah’s Servant “poured out His life unto death” (Isaiah 53:12).
• At the Last Supper, Jesus declares, “This is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins” (Matthew 26:28).

New Testament writers interpret His crucifixion as the once-for-all reality to which Levitical shadow pointed (Hebrews 9:11-14, Hebrews 10:10). The apostolic gospel proclaims “we have redemption through His blood” (Ephesians 1:7) and access to God by “the blood of Jesus” (Hebrews 10:19).

Ministry Implications

1. Preaching: A faithful presentation of the gospel must highlight Christ’s blood as the sole basis of atonement (Romans 3:25).
2. Worship: Regular observance of the Lord’s Supper proclaims His death until He comes (1 Corinthians 11:26), grounding corporate worship in shed blood.
3. Ethics: Sanctity of life, justice for victims, and care for the oppressed flow from Scripture’s high view of blood.
4. Pastoral Care: Believers assured of cleansing by the blood (1 John 1:7) are invited to draw near “with a sincere heart in full assurance of faith” (Hebrews 10:22).

Key Theological Themes

• Life belongs to God and is symbolized by blood.
• Blood establishes and ratifies covenant relationship.
• Sacrificial blood provides substitutionary atonement.
• Violent shedding of innocent blood demands divine justice.
• Purification requires blood, foreshadowing complete cleansing in Christ.
• Prophetic and apocalyptic texts employ blood as a sign of judgment and salvation.
• The Old Testament economy of blood culminates in the cross, where the eternal covenant is secured by the “precious blood of Christ” (1 Peter 1:19).

בְּ֫דָ֥ם בְּדַ֖ם בְּדַ֣ם בְּדַ֥ם בְּדַם֙ בְּדַם־ בְּדָ֔ם בְּדָ֖ם בְּדָ֣ם בְּדָמְךָ֖ בְּדָמִ֑ים בְּדָמִ֖ים בְּדָמִי֮ בְּדָמֵ֖ךְ בְּדָמֵ֨ךְ בְּדָמַ֣יִךְ בְּדָמַ֥יִךְ בְּדָמָ֑יִךְ בְדָמִ֑ים בְדָמִ֔ים בִּדְמֵ֣י בִּדְמֵי֙ בַּדָּ֑ם בַּדָּ֔ם בַּדָּ֖ם בַּדָּ֣ם בַּדָּֽם׃ בַּדָּמִֽים׃ בַדָּ֔ם בדם בדם־ בדם׃ בדמי בדמיך בדמים בדמים׃ בדמך דְּמֵ֣י דְּמֵ֣י ׀ דְּמֵ֤י דְּמֵ֥י דְּמֵ֨י דְּמֵֽי־ דְּמֵיהֶ֥ם דְמֵיהֶם֙ דִּמְכֶ֤ם דַּ֛ם דַּ֣ם דַּ֥ם דַּ֧ם דַּֽם־ דַּם־ דַֽם־ דַם־ דָ֑ם דָ֔ם דָ֛ם דָ֝מִ֗ים דָ֣ם דָ֪ם דָ֭מִים דָּ֑ם דָּ֖ם דָּ֛ם דָּ֣ם דָּ֣ם ׀ דָּ֤ם דָּ֨ם דָּ֨ם ׀ דָּ֭מִים דָּֽם׃ דָּֽמִי֙ דָּם֙ דָּם־ דָּמ֔וֹ דָּמ֖וֹ דָּמ֗וֹ דָּמ֛וֹ דָּמ֜וֹ דָּמ֣וֹ דָּמ֥וֹ דָּמְךָ֖ דָּמִ֑ים דָּמִ֔ים דָּמִ֖ים דָּמִ֛ים דָּמִ֣ים דָּמִ֥ים דָּמִֽים׃ דָּמִים֙ דָּמֵ֔ךְ דָּמֵ֥ךְ דָּמֶ֑יהָ דָּמֶ֔יהָ דָּמַ֖יִךְ דָּמָ֔הּ דָּמָ֖הּ דָּמָ֖יו דָּמָ֜הּ דָּמָ֞ם דָּמָ֣הּ דָּמָ֣ם דָּמָ֥יו דָּמָם֙ דָּמֽוֹ׃ דָּמוֹ֙ דָם֒ דָם֙ דָם־ דָמ֔וֹ דָמ֖וֹ דָמִ֑י דָמִ֣ים דָמָ֜יו דָמָ֨ם ׀ דָמָהּ֙ דָּמְךָ֖ דם דם־ דם׃ דמה דמו דמו׃ דמי דמי־ דמיה דמיהם דמיו דמיך דמים דמים׃ דמך דמכם דמם הֲדַ֣ם הֲדַ֤ם הַדָּ֑ם הַדָּ֔ם הַדָּ֖ם הַדָּ֗ם הַדָּ֛ם הַדָּ֜ם הַדָּ֞ם הַדָּ֣ם הַדָּ֤ם הַדָּ֥ם הַדָּ֧ם ׀ הַדָּ֨ם הַדָּֽם׃ הַדָּם֒ הַדָּם֙ הַדָּם֮ הַדָּמִ֑ים הַדָּמִ֔ים הַדָּמִ֖ים הַדָּמִים֒ הדם הדם׃ הדמים וְדַ֖ם וְדַ֨ם וְדַם־ וְדָ֖ם וְדָ֣ם וְדָ֥ם וְדָם֙ וְדָמ֖וֹ וְדָמִ֥ים וְדָמִי֙ וְדָמָ֗ם וְדָמָיו֙ וְהַדָּ֔ם וְכִדְמֵ֣י וָדָ֔ם וָדָ֖ם וָדָם֙ וּבְדַם־ וּבְדָ֑ם וּדְמֵ֛י וּמִדַּ֣ם ובדם ובדם־ ודם ודם־ ודמו ודמי ודמיו ודמים ודמם והדם וכדמי ומדם כַּדָּֽם׃ כדם׃ לְ֭דָם לְדַ֣ם לְדָ֑ם לְדָ֖ם לְדָ֜ם לְדָ֥ם לְדָֽם׃ לְדָם֮ לְדָמִ֣ים לְדָמָ֣ם לַדָּם֙ לדם לדם׃ לדמים לדמם מִדְּמֵ֖י מִדְּמֵ֤י מִדַּ֞ם מִדַּ֣ם מִדַּ֤ם מִדָּ֑ם מִדָּ֔ם מִדָּֽם׃ מִדָּמ֔וֹ מִדָּמ֗וֹ מִדָּמְךָ֖ מִדָּמִ֨ים ׀ מִדָּמָ֑ם מִדָּמָ֖הּ מִדָּמָ֜הּ מִדָּמָ֧הּ מִדָּמָֽם׃ מִדָּמָהּ֙ מִדָּמוֹ֙ מדם מדם׃ מדמה מדמו מדמי מדמים מדמך מדמם מדמם׃ bad·dā·mîm bad·dām ḇad·dām badDam baddām ḇaddām baddaMim baddāmîm bə·ḏā·ma·yiḵ bə·ḏā·mā·yiḵ bə·ḏā·mə·ḵā bə·ḏā·mêḵ bə·ḏā·mî bə·ḏā·mîm ḇə·ḏā·mîm bə·ḏam bə·ḏām bə·ḏam- beDam bəḏam bəḏām bəḏam- bedaMayich bəḏāmayiḵ bəḏāmāyiḵ bedaMech bedameCha bəḏāmêḵ bəḏāməḵā bedaMi bəḏāmî bedaMim bəḏāmîm ḇəḏāmîm biḏ·mê biḏmê bidMei dā·ma·yiḵ dā·māh ḏā·māh dā·mām ḏā·mām dā·māw ḏā·māw dā·me·hā dā·mə·ḵā dā·mêḵ dā·mî ḏā·mî dā·mîm ḏā·mîm dā·mōw ḏā·mōw dam dām ḏām dam- dām- ḏam- ḏām- daMah dāmāh ḏāmāh daMam dāmām ḏāmām daMav dāmāw ḏāmāw daMayich dāmayiḵ daMech dameCha dāmehā daMeiha dāmêḵ dāməḵā daMi dāmî ḏāmî daMim dāmîm ḏāmîm daMo dāmōw ḏāmōw də·mê də·mê- də·mê·hem ḏə·mê·hem dəmê dəmê- dəmêhem ḏəmêhem deMei demeiHem dim·ḵem dimChem dimḵem dom hă·ḏam had·dā·mîm had·dām haDam hăḏam hadDam haddām haddaMim haddāmîm kad·dām kadDam kaddām lad·dām ladDam laddām lə·ḏā·mām lə·ḏā·mîm lə·ḏam lə·ḏām leDam ləḏam ləḏām ledaMam ləḏāmām ledaMim ləḏāmîm Ledom mid·dā·māh mid·dā·mām mid·dā·mə·ḵā mid·dā·mîm mid·dā·mōw mid·dam mid·dām mid·də·mê middam middām middaMah middāmāh middaMam middāmām middameCha middāməḵā middaMim middāmîm middaMo middāmōw middəmê middeMei ū·ḇə·ḏām ū·ḇə·ḏam- ū·ḏə·mê ū·mid·dam ūḇəḏām ūḇəḏam- ūḏəmê udeMei umidDam ūmiddam uvedam vaDam vadDam vechidMei vedam vedaMam vedaMav vedaMi vedaMim vedaMo vehadDam wā·ḏām wāḏām wə·ḏā·mām wə·ḏā·māw wə·ḏā·mî wə·ḏā·mîm wə·ḏā·mōw wə·ḏam wə·ḏām wə·ḏam- wə·had·dām wə·ḵiḏ·mê wəḏam wəḏām wəḏam- wəḏāmām wəḏāmāw wəḏāmî wəḏāmîm wəḏāmōw wəhaddām wəḵiḏmêInterlinear Greek • Interlinear Hebrew • Strong's Numbers • Englishman's Greek Concordance • Englishman's Hebrew Concordance • Parallel Texts