Original Word: רוּחַ
Part of Speech: Noun Feminine
Transliteration: ruwach
Pronunciation: roo'-akh
Phonetic Spelling: (roo'-akh)
KJV: air, anger, blast, breath, X cool, courage, mind, X quarter, X side, spirit((-ual)), tempest, X vain, ((whirl-))wind(-y)
NASB: spirit, wind, breath, winds, side, mind
Word Origin: [from H7306 (רוַּח - Spirit)]

1. wind
2. by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or even violent) exhalation
3. (figuratively) life, anger, unsubstantiality
4. by extension, a region of the sky
5. by resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including its expression and functions)

air, anger, blast, breath, cool, courage, mind, quarter,

From ruwach; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. A sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including its expression and functions) -- air, anger, blast, breath, X cool, courage, mind, X quarter, X side, spirit((-ual)), tempest, X vain, ((whirl-))wind(-y).

see HEBREW ruwach

Word Origin
from an unused word
Definition
breath, wind, spirit
NASB Translation
air (2), anger (1), blast (2), breath (31), breathless* (1), cool (1), courage (1), despondency* (1), exposed (1), grief* (1), heart (1), inspired (1), mind (3), motives (1), points (1), quick-tempered* (1), side (4), sides (2), Spirit (76), spirit (127), spirits (3), strength (1), temper (2), thoughts* (1), trustworthy* (1), wind (98), winds (7), windy (2), wrath (1).

רוּחַ₃₇₈ noun feminine^{Genesis 41:8} (less often masculine^{Exodus 10:13} +) breath, wind, spirit; — absolute ׳ר Genesis 8:1 +, ר֑וּחָה Jeremiah 52:23; construct רוּחַ Genesis 6:17 +; suffix רוּחִי Genesis 6:3 +, רוּחֲךָ Psalm 104:30 +, etc.; plural רוּחוֺת Psalm 104:4 +, רֻחוֺת Jeremiah 49:36, רוּחֹת Numbers 16:22; Numbers 26:16 (see Br^{רוח in O.T., JBL xix (1900), 132 ff.}, full statement of all passages); —

1 breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.):

a. רוּחַ מִּיו Job 15:30 breath of his mouth, compare Job 19:17; רוּחַ אַמֵּינוּ Lamentations 4:20 (figurative of king), of idols לֹא רוּחַ בָּם Jeremiah 10:14 = Jeremiah 51:17, Habakkuk 2:19; Psalm 135:17; compare Job 9:18.

b. as mere breath: compare 2e. דִּבְרֵירֿוּחַ Job 16:3 i.e. windy words; נוֺאָשׁ לְרוּחַ אִמְרֵי Job 6:26, הַנְּבִיאִים יִהְיוּ לְרוּחַ Jeremiah 5:13.

c. as word of command: (1) of God: (נעשׂו) בְּרוּחַ מִּיו כָּלֿ צְבָאָםPsalm 33:6, compare Isaiah 34:16 ("" מֶּה); (2) of Messianic king: בְּרוּחַ שְׂפָתָיו יָמִית רָשָׁע Isaiah 11:4.

d. as hard breathing through the nostrils in anger: (1) of God: מֵרוּח אַמּוֺ יִכְלוּ Job 4:9; Exodus 15:8 (poem), 2 Samuel 22:16 = Psalm 18:16; Isaiah 30:28; Isaiah 59:19; (2) of man: רוּחַ עָרִיצִים Isaiah 25:4.

e. as sign and symbol of life: רוּחַ חַיִּים breath of life Genesis 6:17; Genesis 7:15 (P); נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים בְּאַמָּיו Genesis 7:22 (P); Ezekiel 37:5, compare Ezekiel 37:6; Ezekiel 37:8; Ezekiel 37:9; Ezekiel 37:9; Ezekiel 37:9; Ezekiel 37:10; Ezekiel 37:14 (breath or spirit), Ecclesiastes 3:19.

2 wind (117 t.):

a. wind of heaven: Genesis 8:1 (P) Exodus 15:10 (E) Numbers 11:31 (J) 1 Kings 18:45 +, Jeremiah 10:13, thence Jeremiah 51:16; Psalm 135:7; ׳רוּחַ י Hosea 13:15; Isaiah 40:7, compare Job 26:13 (Di Bu); רוּחַ (ה)קָדִים east wind Exodus 10:13 (twice in verse); Exodus 14:21 (J) Psalm 48:8; Jeremiah 18:17; Ezekiel 17:10; Ezekiel 19:12; Ezekiel 27:26; Jonah 4:8; צָפוֺן ׳ר north wind Proverbs 25:23; יָם ׳ר sea wind (west wind) Exodus 10:19 (J); . הַיּוֺם ׳ר day wind, evening wind Genesis 3:8 (J; compare Songs 2:17; Songs 4:6); אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת four winds Jeremiah 49:36; Ezekiel 37:9 (quarters?) Daniel 8:8; Daniel 11:4 (figurative quarters; compare

b), Zechariah 2:10; Zechariah 6:5; רוּחַ סְעְרָה storm wind Psalm 107:25; Psalm 148:8; Ezekiel 1:4 (סְעָרוֺת ׳ר), Ezekiel 13:11,13; רוּחַ סֹעָה rushing wind Psalm 55:9 (read possibly סערה Hup); בַּעְיָם רוּחוֺ Isaiah 11:15 (read ׳בְּעֹצֶם ר, see עֲיָם, עֹצֶם), etc; wind personified: כַּנְפֵי רוּחַ 2 Samuel 22:11 = Psalm 18:11; Psalm 104:3, compare Hosea 4:19; Psalm 104:4.

b. quarter (of wind), side: רוּחַ הַקָּדִים Ezekiel 42:16 east side; רוּחַ הַצָּפוֺן Ezekiel 42:17 north side; רוּחַ הַדָּרוֺם Ezekiel 42:18 south side; רוּחַ הַיָּם Ezekiel 42:19 west side; אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת Ezekiel 42:20; 1 Chronicles 9:24 four sides; ר֑וּחָה Jeremiah 52:23 on the sides.

c. breath of air: שָׁאֲפוּ רוּחַ כַּתַּנִּים Jeremiah 14:6; רוּחַ לֹא יָבֹא בֵּינֵיהֶם Job 41:8.

d. air, gas, from womb (dubious): כְּמוֺ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ Isaiah 26:18 (Di, e); רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם (RV breath) Isaiah 33:11 (Du, 3c).

e. vain, empty thing: רוּחַיָּי֑ Job 7:7 my life is wind; דַּעַת רוּחַ Job 15:2; רוּחַ וָתֹהוּ נִסְכֵּיהֶם Isaiah 41:29; רְעוּת רוּחַ striving for wind Ecclesiastes 1:14; Ecclesiastes 2:11,17,26; Ecclesiastes 4:4,6; Ecclesiastes 6:9; compare Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 4:16; Ecclesiastes 5:15.

3 spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.; so, distinctively, as compared with נֶפֶשׁ and לֵבָב):

a. spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour: לֹא הָיָה בָהּ עוֺד רוּחַ 1 Kings 10:5 2Chronicles 9:4; מַהזֶּֿה רוּחֲךָ סָרָה 1 Kings 21:5; וַתְּחִי רוּחַ Genesis 45:27 (E); וַתָּשָׁב רוּחוֺ Judges 15:19; 1 Samuel 30:12.

b. courage: ׳לֹא הָיָה בָם עוֺד ר Joshua 5:1; נְגִידִים ׳יִבְצֹר ר Psalm 76:13; מִצְרַיִם ׳וְנָָֽבְקָה ר Isaiah 19:3; תתעטּף רוּחִי Psalm 77:4; Psalm 142:4; Psalm 143:4; לֹא קָמָה ׳עוֺד ר Joshua 2:11; אִישׁ יְכַלְכֵּל מַחֲלֵהוּ ׳ר Proverbs 18:14.

c. temper, especially anger: ׳רוּחַ רָעָה בֵּין וגו Judges 9:23; אָז רָֽפְתָה רוּחָם Judges 8:3; משֵׁל בְּרוּחוֺ Proverbs 16:32, compare Proverbs 25:28; Proverbs 29:11; Job 15:13; הֵנִיחוּ אֶתרֿוּחִי Zechariah 6:8; Ecclesiastes 7:9; Ecclesiastes 10:4.

d. impatience or patience: קֹצֶר רוּחַ Exodus 6:9 (P) impatience, hastiness of temper, compare (of ׳י) Micah 2:7; קְצַררֿוּחַ Proverbs 14:29 ("" אֶרֶךְ אַפַיִם); הֱצִיקַתְנִי רוּחַ בִּטְנִי Job 32:18 (Du breath; Di Bu divine spirit, compare Job 32:8); אִם מַדּוּעַ לֹאתִֿקְצַר רוּחִי Job 21:4; ׳הֲקָצַר רוּחַ י Micah 2:7; ׳אֶרֶךְ ר Ecclesiastes 7:8.

e. spirit, disposition, as troubled, bitter, or discontented; וַתִּמָּעֶם רוּח(וׅ (his) spirit was troubled Genesis 41:8 (E) Daniel 2:3, compare Daniel 2:1; מֹרַת רוּחַ Genesis 26:35 (P) bitterness of spirit; ׳עֲצוּבַת ר Isaiah 54:6, compare Ezekiel 3:14; Job 6:4.

f. as crushed: וְכִהֲתָה כָלרֿוּחַ Ezekiel 21:12, compare Isaiah 61:3; Proverbs 15:4,13; Proverbs 17:22; Proverbs 18:14; Psalm 143:7.

g. disposition of various kinds, often unaccountable and uncontrollable impulse: הֵעִיר אֶתרֿוּחַ 1 Chronicles 5:26 (twice in verse); 2Chronicles 21:16; 36:22; Ezra 1:1,5; Jeremiah 51:11; Haggai 1:14 (3 t. in verse); הִנְנִי נ(וֺ)תֵן בּוֺ רוּח2Kings 19:7 = Isaiah 37:7; Numbers 14:24 (J; see עִם 4b), Malachi 2:15 (twice in verse); Malachi 2:16; Deuteronomy 2:30; רוּחַ קִנְאָה jealous disposition Numbers 5:14 (twice in verse); Numbers 5:30 (P); רוּחַ וְנוּנִים Hosea 4:12; Hosea 5:4; רוּחַ עִוְעִיםIsaiah 19:14; רוּחַ מִשְׁמָּט Isaiah 28:6; אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר רוּחַ אֱלהִֹרם בּוֺ (administrative) Genesis 41:38 (E); קַר רוּחַ אִישׁ הְּבוּנָה Proverbs 17:27.

h. prophetic spirit: יְהוֺשֻׁעַ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁרֿ רוּחַ בּזֹNumbers 27:18 (P; or

g, as Genesis 41:38); רוּחַ אֵלִיָּהוּ עַלאֱֿלִישָׁע2Kings 2:15, compare 2 Kings 2:9; רוּחַ תַּרְדֵמָה spirit of deep sleep (ecstatic, compare Genesis 2:21; Genesis 15:12, but Di and others

g, as Isaiah 19:14) Isaiah 29:10; Micah 2:11; רוּחַ הַטֻמְאָה Zechariah 13:2 (of lying prophets), compare Ezekiel 13:3.

4 spirit of the living, breathing being, dwelling in the בָּשָׂר of men and animals, "" נֶפֶשׁ (25 t.):

a. gift and creation of God: יֹצֵר רוּחַ אָדָם בְּקִרְבּוֺ Zechariah 12:1; רוּחַ אֱלוֺהַּ בְּאַמִּי Job 27:3, compare Isaiah 42:5.

b. God preserves it: מְּקֻדָּֽתְךָ שָֽׁמְרָה רוּחִי Job 10:12, compare Job 12:10; אֱלֹהֵי הָרוּחֹת לְכָל בָּשָׂ֑ר Numbers 16:22; Numbers 27:16 (P); תֹּכֵן רוּחוֺת Proverbs 16:2.

c. it is therefore God's spirit: Genesis 6:3 (J; see דִּין near the end).

d. it departs at death: Psalm 78:39 (Dr a wind that passeth away 2e); חַיֵּי רוּחִי Isaiah 38:16 (Di principle of life), Psalm 146:4; especially Psalm 104:29; Psalm 104:30; Job 17:1; Job 34:14 (compare Job 34:15), Isaiah 57:16; Ecclesiastes 8:8 (twice in verse) (wind Wild); אֵינְךָ יוֺדֵעַ מַהדֶּֿרֶךְ הָרוּחַ Ecclesiastes 11:5, compare Ecclesiastes 3:21; over ag. הָרוּחַ תָּשׁוּב אֶלהָֿאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר נְתָנָהּ Ecclesiastes 12:7; בְּיָָֽדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי Psalm 31:6.

e. disembodied being (dubious, Di Du breath of wind): וְרוּחַ עַלמָּֿנַי יַחֲלֹף Job 4:15.

5 spirit as seat of emotion = נֶפֶשׁ:

a. desire (possibly 3g), Isaiah 26:9 ("" נֶפֶשׁ).

b. sorrow, trouble (probably 3e), Job 7:11 ("" נֶפֶשׁ). — 1 Samuel 1:15 see קָשֶׁה.

6 occasionally, (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts, "" לֵב, or synonym with it: רוּחַ חָכְמָה Exodus 28:3; Deuteronomy 34:9 (both P; probably 3g); תּעֵי רוּחַ Isaiah 29:24, compare Job 20:3 (Hi Bu Du wind of Job's words), Psalm 77:7 (ᵐ5 Symm ᵑ6 Jerome troubled disposition); רוּחַ יהוה Isaiah 40:13; come into mind Ezekiel 11:5, 20:32 (compare לֵב Isaiah 65:17; Jeremiah 3:16 +); 1 Chronicles 28:12.

7 rarely of the will; also = רוּחַ נָכוֺן לֵב Psalm 51:12 (= לֵב נָכוֺן Psalm 57:8 (twice in verse) +); רוּחַ נְדִיבָה Psalm 51:14; נָָֽדְבָה רוּחוֺ Exodus 35:21 (P; compare נְדִיב לֵב Exodus 35:5,22 (P) 2 Chronicles 29:31).

8 רוּחַ especially of moral character; also = ׃לֵב רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁהEzekiel 11:19; 18:31; 36:26; רוּחִי Ezekiel 36:27; Isaiah 59:21 (רוּחִי, "" דְּבָרַי; but probably prophetic spirit

9b); לֵב חָדָשׁ Ezekiel 18:31; Ezekiel 36:26; נְכֵה רוּחַ Isaiah 66:2; דַּכְּאֵי רוּחַ Psalm 34:19 (compare לֵב נִדְכָּאִים Isaiah 57:15); מִשֵּׁבֶר רוּחַ Isaiah 65:14 (compare 3f); רוּחַ נִשְׁבָּרֶה Psalm 51:19 ("" לֵב נִשְׁבָּר, compare נִשְׁבְּרֵי לֵב Psalm 34:19; Isaiah 61:1); Psalm 32:2; Proverbs 11:13; Proverbs 16:18; Psalm 78:8; Ecclesiastes 7:8 (compare גְּבַהּלֵב Proverbs 16:5); שְׁפַל רוּחַ Proverbs 16:19; Proverbs 29:23; Isaiah 57:15; רוּחַ שְׁפָלִים Isaiah 57:15 (compare 3f).

9 spirit of God (94 t.; not D or Jeremiah or any Deuteronomic writer; conception of its activity in inspiring prophecy probably discredited from abuse by false prophets, see נביא, נבא):

a. as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy, Numbers 11:17,25 (twice in verse); Numbers 11:26,29 (J), 1 Samuel 10:6,10 (compare 1 Samuel 10:5), 1 Samuel 19:20,23; as inciting to deeds of frenzy, in the ecstatic state; hence conceived as אֱלֹהִים רָעָה ׳ר 1 Samuel 16:15 (twice in verse); 1 Samuel 16:16, = ׳רָעָה מֵאֵת י ׳ר 1 Samuel 16:14 = רָעָה ׳א ׳צלח ר 1 Samuel 18:10 (other narrative) = רָעָה ׳י ׳ר 1 Samuel 19:9; ׳א ׳ר 1 Samuel 16:23 = רוּחַ הָרָעָה 1 Samuel 16:23, compare הָרוּחַ 1 Kings 22:21 = שֶׁקֶר ׳ר 1 Kings 22:22; 1 Kings 22:23 2Chronicles 18:20,21,22 = ׳רוּחַ י 1 Kings 22:24 2Chronicles 18:23; compare also (in earlier prophets) אִישׁ הָרוּחַ, i.e. one possessed by the spirit in the ecstatic state, "" הַנָּבִּיא Hosea 9:7; ׳רוּחַ י Micah 3:8 ("" בֹּחַ) is probably gloss (We Now); וְלֹא רוּחִי Isaiah 30:1; רוּחַ dealing with Ezek.: Ezekiel 2:2; Ezekiel 3:12,14,24; Ezekiel 8:3; Ezekiel 11:1,5,24 (Co gloss), Ezekiel 37:1; Ezekiel 43:5 (all implying ecstatic state of vision), compare Elijah 1 Kings 18:12; 2 Kings 2:16.

b. spirit as impelling prophets to utter instruction or warning (higher and later conception): transition probably Numbers 24:2; 2 Samuel 23:2; 1 Chronicles 12:18; elsewhere in Chronicles: 2Chronicles 15:1; 20:14; 24:20; distinctly in Isa², Isaiah 48:16, compare Isaiah 61:1; so of ancient prophets, Zechariah 7:12; Nehemiah 9:30; compare, of future prophetic gift, Joel 3:1; Joel 3:2.

c. imparting warlike energy, and executive and administrative power: (1) to שֹׁפְטִים, מוֺשִׁיעִים, מְלָכִים, of ancient Israel: וַתְּהִי רוּחַ על ׳י Judges 3:10; Judges 11:29, compare Judges 6:34; Judges 13:25; Judges 14:6,19; Judges 15:14; 1 Samuel 11:6; 1 Samuel 16:13,14; so also עַד יֵעָרֶה עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרוֺם Isaiah 32:15; (2) resting upon Messianic king: Isaiah 11:2 (3 t. in verse); upon servant of ׳י, Isaiah 42:1.

d. late, as endowing men with various gifts: technical skill Exodus 31:3; Exodus 35:31 (P); understanding Job 32:8 ("" נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); poured out by divine wisdom Proverbs 1:23.

e. as energy of life: רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַלמְּֿנֵי הַמָּ֑יִם Genesis 1:2 (P); רוּחַ אֵל עָשָׂ֑תְנִי Job 33:4 ("" נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); as vital power, opposed to בָשָׂר: Isaiah 31:3; in cherubic chariot: Ezekiel 1:12, compare Ezekiel 1:20; Ezekiel 1:21; Ezekiel 10:17; reviving Israel Ezekiel 39:29; Zechariah 12:10; Isaiah 44:3.

f. = ancient angel of the presence and later Shekina: קָדְשׁוֺ ׳ר Isaiah 63:10,11 = ׳י ׳ר Isaiah 63:14 (= מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9), compare Psalm 106:33; so also קָדְשְׁךָ ׳ר Psalm 51:13 (in national prayer), compare Nehemiah 9:20; Psalm 143:10; prophets of restoration conceive of the divine spirit as standing in their midst and about to fulfil all divine promises: רוּחִי עֹמֶדֶת בְּתוֺכֲכֶם Haggai 2:5; Zechariah 4:6; this conception culminates in רוּחַ = divine Presence, and as such omnipresent, Psalm 139:7 ("" מָּנֶיךָ; compare Psalm 139:8).

רוח (√ of following; see Biblical Hebrew id., רוּח, רֵיחַ).

Spirit in Creation

Genesis 1:2 introduces רוּחַ as the dynamic presence of God “hovering over the surface of the waters.” From the outset, the Spirit is portrayed not merely as force but as the personal agent who brings order out of chaos and initiates life. Job later testifies, “The Spirit of God has made me, and the breath of the Almighty gives me life” (Job 33:4), reinforcing that every living being owes existence to this creative Spirit.

Spirit as Sustainer of Life

Psalm 104:29-30 links every creature’s continued existence to the Spirit’s ongoing work: “When You send Your Spirit, they are created, and You renew the face of the earth.” Life ebbs when God withholds His רוח; life flourishes when He sends it. Thus creation is not a deistic act left to run on its own but an ever-sustained reality upheld by the divine Spirit.

Spirit in Leadership and Empowerment

Throughout Israel’s history, the Spirit repeatedly descends to empower leaders. In Numbers 11:25 the Spirit rests on the seventy elders, enabling them to bear the burden of governance with Moses. Judges recounts multiple instances—“The Spirit of the Lord rushed upon him” (Judges 14:6) regarding Samson—showing that military victory and national deliverance depend on divine empowerment rather than mere human strength. When Samuel anoints David, “the Spirit of the Lord rushed upon David from that day forward” (1 Samuel 16:13), marking the true source of legitimate kingship.

Spirit in Wisdom and Skill

The same Spirit who grants physical power also imparts intellectual, artistic, and administrative capacity. Bezalel is “filled…with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability, and knowledge in all kinds of craftsmanship” (Exodus 31:3), while Joshua receives “the spirit of wisdom” through Moses’ laying on of hands (Deuteronomy 34:9). Daniel is repeatedly identified as one “in whom is the spirit of the holy gods” (Daniel 5:11-12), explaining his insight into mysteries. Wisdom is therefore recognized as a supernatural gift rather than mere human achievement.

Spirit in Prophetic Inspiration

Prophets speak only because the Spirit enables them. “The Spirit of the Lord spoke through me; His word was on my tongue” (2 Samuel 23:2). Ezekiel records, “The Spirit entered me and set me on my feet, and I heard Him speaking to me” (Ezekiel 2:2). Micah stands fearless before corrupt officials: “I am filled with power—by the Spirit of the Lord—with justice and might” (Micah 3:8). The reliability of prophetic revelation rests on this Spirit-inspired origin, guaranteeing that Scripture is God-breathed.

Spirit in Conviction and Renewal

David pleads, “Create in me a clean heart, O God, and renew a steadfast spirit within me…Do not take Your Holy Spirit from me” (Psalm 51:10-11). Isaiah laments Israel’s rebellion: “They grieved His Holy Spirit” (Isaiah 63:10), yet also celebrates the Shepherding Spirit who led them through the wilderness (Isaiah 63:11-14). Personal repentance and national restoration alike require the Spirit’s inward work.

Spirit in Eschatological Promise

Prophets look forward to a day when the Spirit will rest permanently on the Messiah: “The Spirit of the Lord will rest on Him—the Spirit of wisdom and understanding” (Isaiah 11:2) and when the same Spirit will be poured out on all flesh: “I will pour out My Spirit on all people” (Joel 2:28-29). Ezekiel envisions dry bones revived when the Spirit enters them (Ezekiel 37:9-14), a vision of Israel’s resurrection and, ultimately, universal new-creation life. Zechariah summarizes the mode of future victory: “Not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit” (Zechariah 4:6).

Spirit as the Breath and Wind

רוּחַ frequently denotes the natural phenomena of wind and breath, yet Scripture treats even these as theological signs. “God remembered Noah… and He sent a wind over the earth” (Genesis 8:1). The plagues in Egypt are lifted “by a strong west wind” (Exodus 10:19). These passages remind readers that every gust and every breath are under divine direction. Poets exploit the metaphor: “The wicked are like chaff blown away by the wind” (Psalm 1:4), contrasting transience with the permanence of the righteous rooted in God.

Intertestamental Continuity and New Testament Fulfillment

The Old Testament message of the Spirit anticipates Pentecost. John the Baptist declares that the coming One “will baptize you with the Holy Spirit” (Matthew 3:11). Acts 2 portrays Joel’s promise fulfilled as the Spirit is poured out universally. Paul echoes Isaiah 59:21 when he teaches that the Spirit’s indwelling secures believers for final redemption (Ephesians 1:13-14). The One Spirit who hovered at creation now dwells in the hearts of the redeemed, proving the unity of God’s plan across both covenants.

Practical Ministry Implications

1. Dependence: Ministry modeled on Numbers 11:25 and Zechariah 4:6 recognizes that effectiveness flows from the Spirit, not human strategy.
2. Holiness: Isaiah 63 warns that grief to the Spirit forfeits blessing; therefore godly character is non-negotiable for those who seek His power.
3. Word and Spirit: Prophetic inspiration (2 Samuel 23:2) anchors proclamation in Scripture; preaching devoid of Spirit or detached from Scripture loses authority.
4. Gifts and Calling: Artisanship (Exodus 31:3), leadership (1 Samuel 16:13), wisdom (Daniel 5:11), and courage (Micah 3:8) are all Spirit-bestowed vocations; the church should recognize and cultivate varied Spirit-given abilities.
5. Hope: The vision of Ezekiel 37 and the promise of Joel 2 feed confidence that no situation is beyond revival when the Spirit breathes.

Thus the nearly four hundred attestations of רוּחַ weave a consistent portrait: the Spirit of the Lord creates, sustains, empowers, purifies, and consummates. Every movement of redemptive history hinges on His gracious action, inviting God’s people in every generation to walk by the Spirit.

בְּ֝רוּח֗וֹ בְּ֭רוּחוֹ בְּר֣וּחֲכֶ֔ם בְּר֣וּחַ בְּר֥וּחַ בְּר֨וּחַ בְּרֽוּחֲךָ֖ בְּרֽוּחַ׃ בְּרוּח֔וֹ בְּרוּח֣וֹ בְּרוּח֥וֹ בְּרוּחֲךָ֖ בְּרוּחֲךָ֛ בְּרוּחֲכֶ֖ם בְּרוּחִ֔י בְר֙וּחַ֙ בְרוּחֲךָ֖ בָּר֙וּחַ֙ בָר֖וּחַ בָר֙וּחַ֙ ברוח ברוח׃ ברוחו ברוחי ברוחך ברוחכם הָר֑וּחַ הָר֔וּחַ הָר֖וּחַ הָר֗וּחַ הָר֙וּחַ֙ הָר֛וּחַ הָר֜וּחַ הָר֤וּחַ הָר֨וּחַ הָרֻח֣וֹת הָרֽוּחַ׃ הָרוּחֹ֖ת הרוח הרוח׃ הרוחת הרחות וְ֝ר֗וּחַ וְ֭רוּחַ וְהָר֣וּחַ וְר֔וּחַ וְר֖וּחַ וְר֙וּחַ֙ וְר֜וּחַ וְר֣וּחַ וְר֥וּחַ וְר֧וּחַ וְר֨וּחַ וְרוּח֖וֹ וְרוּח֞וֹ וְרוּחֲךָ֨ וְרוּחִ֖י וְרוּחֽוֹ׃ וּ֝לְר֗וּחַ וּבְר֤וּחַ וּבְר֥וּחַ וּלְר֖וּחַ וּמֵר֖וּחַ וברוח והרוח ולרוח ומרוח ורוח ורוחו ורוחו׃ ורוחי ורוחך כְּרֽוּחַ־ כָּ֭רוּחַ כָּר֥וּחַ כרוח כרוח־ לְר֔וּחַ לְר֖וּחַ לְר֣וּחַ לְרוּחֽוֹ׃ לָר֔וּחַ לָר֣וּחַ לָרֽוּחַ׃ לרוח לרוח׃ לרוחו׃ מֵר֖וּחַ מֵרוּחֶ֑ךָ מרוח מרוחך ר֑וּחַ ר֑וּחָה ר֔וּחַ ר֖וּחַ ר֗וּחַ ר֙וּחַ֙ ר֚וּחַ ר֛וּחַ ר֝֗וּחַ ר֝וּח֗וֹ ר֝וּחַ ר֣וּחֲכֶ֔ם ר֣וּחַ ר֣וּחַ ׀ ר֤וּחַ ר֥וּחַ ר֧וּחַ ר֨וּחַ ר֨וּחַ ׀ ר֪וּחַ ר֫וּחִ֥י ר֭וּחֲךָ ר֭וּחִֽי ר֭וּחַ ר֭וּחָם ר֭וּחוֹ רֻח֣וֹת רֽוּחֲכֶ֖ם רֽוּחַ־ רֽוּחַ׃ רוּח֑וֹ רוּח֑וֹת רוּח֔וֹ רוּח֔וֹת רוּח֖וֹ רוּח֗וֹ רוּח֗וֹת רוּח֜וֹ רוּח֜וֹת רוּח֣וֹת רוּח֥וֹ רוּח֥וֹת רוּח֧וֹת רוּחֲךָ֣ רוּחֲךָ֥ רוּחֲכֶ֕ם רוּחִ֑י רוּחִ֔י רוּחִ֖י רוּחִ֗י רוּחִ֣י רוּחִ֤י רוּחִ֥י רוּחִֽי׃ רוּחִי֙ רוּחֶ֑ךָ רוּחַ֩ רוּחָ֖ם רוּחָם֙ רוּחֽוֹ׃ רוּחוֹת֙ רוח רוח־ רוח׃ רוחה רוחו רוחו׃ רוחות רוחי רוחי׃ רוחך רוחכם רוחם רחות bā·rū·aḥ ḇā·rū·aḥ baRuach bārūaḥ ḇārūaḥ bə·rū·aḥ ḇə·rū·aḥ bə·rū·ḥă·ḵā ḇə·rū·ḥă·ḵā bə·rū·ḥă·ḵem bə·rū·ḥî bə·rū·ḥōw beRuach bərūaḥ ḇərūaḥ beruchaCha beRuchaChem beruChi berucho bərūḥăḵā ḇərūḥăḵā bərūḥăḵem bərūḥî bərūḥōw hā·rū·aḥ hā·ru·ḥō·wṯ hā·rū·ḥōṯ haRuach hārūaḥ haruChot hārūḥōṯ hāruḥōwṯ kā·rū·aḥ KaRuach kārūaḥ kə·rū·aḥ- keRuach kərūaḥ- lā·rū·aḥ laRuach lārūaḥ lə·rū·aḥ lə·rū·ḥōw leRuach lərūaḥ leruCho lərūḥōw mê·rū·aḥ mê·rū·ḥe·ḵā meRuach mêrūaḥ meruChecha mêrūḥeḵā rū·aḥ rū·aḥ- rū·ḥă·ḵā rū·ḥă·ḵem rū·ḥāh rū·ḥām rū·ḥe·ḵā rū·ḥî ru·ḥō·wṯ rū·ḥō·wṯ rū·ḥōw Ruach rūaḥ rūaḥ- ruchaCha ruchaChem Ruchah ruCham ruChecha ruChi ruCho Ruchom ruChot rūḥāh rūḥăḵā rūḥăḵem rūḥām rūḥeḵā rūḥî rūḥōw ruḥōwṯ rūḥōwṯ ū·ḇə·rū·aḥ ū·lə·rū·aḥ ū·mê·rū·aḥ ūḇərūaḥ uleRuach ūlərūaḥ umeRuach ūmêrūaḥ uveRuach vaRuach vehaRuach veRuach veruchaCha veruChi veruCho wə·hā·rū·aḥ wə·rū·aḥ wə·rū·ḥă·ḵā wə·rū·ḥî wə·rū·ḥōw wəhārūaḥ wərūaḥ wərūḥăḵā wərūḥî wərūḥōwInterlinear Greek • Interlinear Hebrew • Strong's Numbers • Englishman's Greek Concordance • Englishman's Hebrew Concordance • Parallel Texts