Corresponding Greek / Hebrew Entries: • H4751 (מַר, mar): This Hebrew word means "bitter" and is used in the Old Testament to describe both literal bitterness, such as the taste of water (Exodus 15:23), and metaphorical bitterness, such as the bitterness of soul experienced by Hannah (1 Samuel 1:10).
• H4844 (מָרוֹר, maror): Refers to "bitterness" and is used in the context of the Passover meal, where bitter herbs symbolize the bitterness of Israel's slavery in Egypt (Exodus 12:8).

These Hebrew terms share a similar semantic range with the Greek "πικρός," encompassing both physical and emotional aspects of bitterness.

Usage: The word "πικρός" is used in the New Testament to describe both literal bitterness, such as the taste of something, and metaphorical bitterness, such as feelings of resentment or harshness. It appears in contexts that highlight the negative or unpleasant nature of bitterness, whether in taste or in spirit.

Context: The Greek word "πικρός" is used in the New Testament to convey the concept of bitterness in both physical and metaphorical senses. In James 3:11, the term is used to illustrate the inconsistency of a spring producing both fresh and bitter water, emphasizing the incongruity of a believer's speech that blesses and curses. This metaphorical use underscores the moral and ethical implications of bitterness in one's life and speech.

In Hebrews 12:15, "πικρός" is employed to warn against a "bitter root" that can grow and cause trouble, defiling many. This passage highlights the destructive potential of bitterness when it takes root in a community or individual, leading to discord and spiritual harm.

The concept of bitterness is also linked to the broader biblical theme of forgiveness and reconciliation. Bitterness, as an emotional state, is often contrasted with the virtues of love, peace, and forgiveness, which are central to Christian teaching. The New Testament encourages believers to rid themselves of bitterness, as seen in Ephesians 4:31, where Paul exhorts the church to put away all bitterness, along with wrath, anger, and malice.

Overall, "πικρός" serves as a powerful descriptor of the negative qualities that can arise in human relationships and spiritual life, urging believers to seek purity and harmony in their interactions and inner attitudes.